Xi Jinping identified building a “world power in science and technology” as the main strategic goal of realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, and hopes to pursue key indigenous technologies through the reform of the scientific and technological system. This article studies four aspects of the reform: first, the Chinese Communist Party central leaders play a leading role in the reform of the science and technology system. Second, China reintegrates science and technology plans of various agencies. Third, the establishment of a unified national science and technology management platform. Fourth, repositioning the development direction of scientific research entities. In the conclusion, the article points out some observations: first, the US-China strategic competition has pushed China to turn to an indigenous technologies campaign, and China’s technological breakthroughs will challenge the world liberal order. Second, the introduction of overseas high-level talents has led various countries to tighten exchanges with China. Third, there is a “structural contradiction” between loosening management of the scientific and technological system and consolidating political power under Xi Jinping.