全文連結:第八章 2024年中國人民解放軍海軍造艦之觀察.pdf
近年來,有關中國人民解放軍海軍(以下稱解放軍海軍)飛快的擴張與現代化情況,許多國際媒體皆做出報導與評論,特別是在造艦方面,其建造軍艦的速度更是驚人。[1]根據美國國會研究處(Congressional Research Service, CRS)於2024 年8 月16 日所更新發布的《中國海軍現代化:對美國海軍能力之意涵—向國會提交的背景與議題》(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress)專題報告,2023 年,解放軍海軍的軍艦數量(總共約328 艘)首次超越美國海軍的軍艦數量(總共約289 艘)。從2005年到2023 年,解放軍海軍的總體船艦數量從216 艘增加到328 艘,一共增加了112 艘,漲幅為51.85%;而美國海軍在同一時期則是從292 艘變成289 艘,一共減少了3 艘,跌幅為1.03%。[2]再根據英國國際戰略研究所(International Institute for Strategic Studies, IISS)的評估報告,中國的目標是在未來的幾年內,擁有400 艘至440 艘戰艦規模的海軍。[3]
儘管「船艦數量」並非海軍實力評比的唯一標準,但是它背後所反映的「造艦速度」、「造船工業能力與能量」、「科學技術」以及可能形塑的「艦隊規模與海軍態樣」等等,都與未來的美中戰略競爭及印太區域安全息息相關。值得注意的是,作為新興崛起的海上強權,中國的海軍造艦情況一方面關乎中美兩國海軍實力的對比,二方面關係印太區域的權力分布狀態,其甚至可能引發區域內大規模的軍備競賽。因此,本文旨在回顧解放軍海軍在2024 年的造艦發展情況,並從中展望美中兩強未來的海軍競賽。
[1] Seong Hyeon Choi, “China Could Match US in Military Conflict Thanks to Shipbuilding Strength, Analysts Say,” South China Morning Post, June 17, 2024, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3266860/china-could-match-us-military-conflict-thanks-shipbuilding-strength-analysts-say; Mackenzie Eaglen, “The U.S. Navy is Falling Behind China, and The Pentagon Knows It,” American Enterprise Institute, October 31, 2023, https://www.aei.org/op-eds/the-u-s-navy-is-falling-behind-china-and-the-pentagon-knows-it/.
[2] Ronald O’Rourke, China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service), August 16, 2024 (updated), https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL33153.pdf, pp. 8-10.
[3] Nick Childs, “Asia-Pacific Naval and Maritime Capabilities: The New Operational Dynamics,” in Asia-Pacific Regional Security Assessment 2023 (London, UK: International Institute for Strategic Studies, March 2023), https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/asia-pacific-regional-security-assessment-2023/aprsa-chapter-3/; Also see: Sam LaGrone, “Pentagon: Chinese Navy to Expand to 400 Ships by 2025, Growth Focused on Surface Combatants,” U.S. Naval Institute News, November 29, 2022, https://news.usni.org/2022/11/29/pentagon-chinese-navy-to-expand-to-400-ships-by-2025-growth-focused-on-surface-combatants.